Economic evaluation of alternative wastewater treatment plant options for pulp and paper industry

Excessive water consumption in pulp and paper industry results in high amount of wastewater. Pollutant characteristics of the wastewater vary depending on the processes used in production and the quality of paper produced. However, in general, high organic material and suspended solid contents are considered as major pollutants of pulp and paper industry effluents. The major pollutant characteristics of pulp and paper industry effluents in Turkey were surveyed and means of major pollutant concentrations, which were grouped in three different pollution grades (low, moderate and high strength effluents), and flow rates within 3000 to 10,000 m³/day range with 1000 m³/day steps were used as design parameters. Ninety-six treatment plants were designed using twelve flow schemes which were combinations of physical treatment, chemical treatment, aerobic and anaerobic biological processes. Detailed comparative cost analysis which includes investment, operation, maintenance and rehabilitation costs was prepared to determine optimum treatment processes for each pollution grade. The most economic and technically optimal treatment processes were found as extended aeration activated sludge process for low strength effluents, extended aeration activated sludge process or UASB followed by an aeration basin for medium strength effluents, and UASB followed by an aeration basin or UASB followed by the conventional activated sludge process for high strength effluents.     

偶联剂在钢结构超薄膨胀型防火涂料中的应用

填料和防火助剂在涂料中的分散状况是影响超薄膨胀型防火涂料性能的重要因素。用硅烷偶联剂和钛酸酯偶联剂对填料进行表面改性,对其与聚合物的相容性进行研究,并探讨其作用机理。研究结果表明,偶联剂可使填料与基料之间的相容性提高,从而提高防火涂料的耐腐蚀性、物理性能以及装饰性。     

改性环氧树脂结构胶粘剂的研究

以E-44环氧树脂为主体,用一种F-50聚醚树脂对环氧树脂结构胶进行综合改性,当加入量为8%￣12%时对环氧树脂结构胶的韧性、耐热阻燃性和耐低温性能等方面都具有很好的改善作用,其剪切强度比未改性前提高330%。     

铝木复合耐火窗窗框阻燃性能研究

为提高铝木复合窗的耐火性能,对木材阻燃性能进行研究。以热释放速率、热释放总量、总产烟量和质量损失为评价指标,对比了阻燃剂浸泡时间、木材种类和阻燃剂种类对木材燃烧性能的影响。试验结果表明,木材在阻燃剂中浸泡时间越长,其阻燃效果越明显;樟子松由于载药量大,后期燃烧性能更好;经阻燃剂6505浸泡后的木材综合性能较好,可作为后续耐火窗生产的备选阻燃剂之一。     

柠檬酸对建筑石膏缓凝作用影响因素的研究

研究了柠檬酸对建筑石膏凝结时间与流动度经时性的影响,以及建筑石膏细度、相组成、pH值、水化温度对柠檬酸缓凝性的影响。结果表明：柠檬酸是建筑石膏高效缓凝剂,可有效抑制其流动度经时损失;Ⅲ型无水石膏和二水石膏削弱柠檬酸的缓凝效果,比表面积增加,凝结时间缩短;柠檬酸在弱碱性条件下缓凝效果最好;柠檬酸的缓凝效果对温度很敏感,温度升高,缓凝性降低。     

细水雾抑制扩散火焰的数值模拟

通过实验和数值模拟研究了细水雾抑制扩散火焰的作用过程，探讨了细水雾抑制扩散火焰的机理和规律。细水雾抑制扩散火焰主要是通过水雾的蒸发潜热吸热、热容吸热、稀释氧气等作用，达到控制和扑灭火灾的目的。在实验的基础上，进行了一维数值模拟，其模拟结果与实验数据的物理趋势基本一致，验证了实验结果的合理性。     

改性淀粉壁纸胶粘剂

阐述了改性淀粉胶的反应原理，讨论了淀粉胶、脲醛胶的制备及其共混制取优质价廉壁纸胶的工艺、配方和性能，并对淀粉胶与改性淀粉胶的粘接强度、自然干燥时间进行了对比。     

Characterization of hydraulic fluid spray combustion

The combustion intensity of hydraulic fluids and mineral oil, methanol, ethanol, and heptane, ejected vertically up ward through a pressure-jet hollow cone nozzle and stabilized by a ring burner, has been characterized in terms of heat release rates. A relationship has been established between the chemical heat release rate, fluid exit velocity, and chemical heat of combustion. Mineral oil, along with some organic esters, has the highest combustion intensity as indicated by heat release rate, followed by esters (organic and phosphates), heptane, water-in-oil emulsion, ethanol, methanol, and polyglycol-in-water. Variations in combustion intensities in hydraulic fluids are found to be due to variations in the chemical structures and additives.The efficiency of combustion is found to be sensitive to fluid exit velocity.The radiative fraction of the efficiency of combustion for phosphate esters is found to be the highest (0.38–0.40), followed by mineral oil (0.36), organic esters (0.28–0.35), water-in-oil emulsion (0.27–0.28), and polyglycol-in-water (0.12–0.25). The radiative fraction of the efficiency of combustion for ethanol and heptane spray fires is found to be less than for the pool fires. For methanol spray fire, radiative fraction of the efficiency of combustion is found to be about the same as for the pool fire.The visible flame length of hydraulic fluid spray fires varies with the chemical heat release rate to the power of 0.6 for both hollow and solid cone nozzles.     

氮-磷协同阻燃聚氨酯保温材料性能研究

为了提高硬质聚氨酯的阻燃性能,采用磷改性聚醚,并添加三聚氰胺(Melamine)和聚磷酸胺(APP),并对试件的燃烧行为和热性能进行了研究。结果表明:在含磷硬质聚氨酯保温隔热材料中等比例添加Melamine和APP,能形成氮-磷协同阻燃体系,材料的阻燃性能得到显著提高,其中氧指数达34.43%,水平燃烧等级达到FH-1,垂直燃烧等达FV-0。     

水乳型丙烯酸酯类阻燃涂料的合成与性能

采用乳液聚合的方法合成了一种以TBPMI为阻燃剂的水乳型丙烯酸酯阻燃涂料,并对该涂料的硬度、附着力、耐热性和阻燃性进行了测试分析。研究结果表明,该涂料的耐热阻燃性能优异,热分解温度达到340～375℃,有着可观的经济价值和应用前景。